INTRODUCTION Of IRRIGATION & TYPES OF IRRIGATION

• Irrigation -   artificial application of water to soil throughout the crop period to assist in the production of crops

• Irrigation water is supplied to supplement the

water available from rainfall and ground

water.'

• In many areas of the world, the amount and

timing of the rainfall are not adequate to

meet the moisture requirements of crops.

• The pressure for survival and the need for

additional food supplies are causing the rapid

expansion of irrigation throughout the world.

Why Irrigation? Advantages of Water

Resource Development & Irrigation Facilities'

• Increase in food production

• Ensuring optimum growth in the field

• Elimination of mixed cropping

• Generation of Hydroelectric Power

• Inland Navigation

• Flood and Draught Control

• Soil Conservation

• Artificial Recharge of Ground Water

• Inter-basin transfer

• Domestic & Industrial Water Supply

Explanation

• Increase in food production – Exact quantity

required can be supplied as different crops

have different water requirements and the

same crop may have different water

requirements at different places, depending

on the variations in climate, types of soil,

methods of cultivation, useful rainfall etc.

• Ensuring optimum growth in the field –

Maximum yield is obtained only when sufficient

required quantity is supplied and the

corresponding moisture content is called as

Optimum Moisture Content.'

Elimination of Mixed Cropping – 

Farmers have a tendency to cultivate more than one type of

crop in the same field such that even if one dies without the required amount of water, at least he would get the yield of the other. This reduces the overall production of the field.

• With assured water by irrigation, the farmer would go for only a single variety of crop in one field at anytime, which would increase the yield.

Please note that mixed farming and mixed cropping are being

used interchangebly in irrigation engineering. (REFER CLASS

for clarity in both definitions)

Domestic and industrial water supply – Some

water from the irrigation canals may be utilized for domestic and industrial water supply for nearby areas.

• Flood Control –

 Provision of various techniques

such as flood cushioning, embankments and

dykes, flood plain zoning, flood proofing etc.

Generation of Hydroelectric Power –

 Various Dams, Reservoirs and Multipurpose Projects

generates hydroelectric power. It is a clean,

renewable & reliable energy source.

• D ra u g h t C o n t r o l – Promoting S o i l

conservation, water harvesting practices,

minimization of evaporation losses, and

development of ground water including

recharging

Demerits of Irrigation

• Over irrigation may cause water logging which

reduces crop yield. The roots of most plants

require oxygen for respiration. Hence, full

saturation leads to restricted growth. Exception is

rice, jute etc. which requires standing water for

its growth and supply of oxygen to the roots is

made from leaves.

• Irrigation may lead to creation of conditions

which is favourable for the spread of diseases

like dengue and malaria.

• Irrigation may lead to seepage of nitrates into

the ground water table

types of irrigation

Surface Irrigation

It can be further classified as –

• Flow Irrigation – When water is available at a height such that it can be directly applied to the agricultural field by only the action of gravity.

Ex. Canal Irrigation

• It can be further classified into –

1. Perennial Irrigation

Constant & continuous water is supplied throughout the crop period.

2. Flood/Inundation/Uncontrolled Irrigation

Soil is kept submerged & flooded with water so as to cause thorough saturation of the field.

• Lift Irrigation – 

Water is lifted up by some mechanical or manual action and then is

supplied for irrigation Sub-Surface Irrigation Water doesn’t wet the surface and is applied to the root zone by the action of capillarity

• Natural Sub-Surface Irrigation – 

When underground irrigation is simply achieved naturally without any additional efforts, it is called natural sub-surface irrigation. Ex. Water from Ground Water Table through Capillary Action.

• Artificial Sub-Surface Irrigation – 

When a system of open jointed drains is artificially laid below the soil so as to supply water to the crops by capillarity, it is called as artificial sub-surface irrigation. 

Ex. Drip Irrigation

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